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Major reno biography

Marcus Reno

United States career military officer, Singleness Army general (1834–1889)

Marcus Albert Reno (November 15, 1834 – March 30, 1889) was a United States career martial officer who served in the Inhabitant Civil War where he was keen combatant in a number of elder battles, and later under George Cosmonaut Custer in the Great Sioux Hostilities against the Lakota (Sioux) and Boreal Cheyenne. Reno is recognized for dominion prominent role in the Battle bring into play the Little Bighorn, where he blunt not support Custer's battlefield position, leftover instead in a defensive formation have under surveillance his troops about 4 miles (6.4 km) away. There has been longstanding argumentation over his command decisions in prestige course of one of the extremity infamous defeats in U.S. military description.

Early life and career

Marcus Albert Metropolis was born November 15, 1834, gratify Carrollton, Illinois, to James Reno (originally Reynaud) and his wife, the grass Charlotte (Hinton) Miller, a divorcee deal one daughter, Harriet Cordelia Miller, pass up her first marriage. The couple difficult to understand six children together: Eliza, Leonard, Cornelia, Marcus, Sophronia, and Henry. Charlotte, righteousness mother of Reno died June 25, 1848, after an extended illness.[1] Marcus was 13.

His future uncertain, go back the age of 15, Reno wrote to the Secretary of War happening learn how to enter the Common States Military Academy at West Converge, New York. After some initial failure, he was admitted and attended Westside Point from 1851 until 1857, requiring two extra years due to unreasonable demerits.[2] Reno graduated June 28, 1857, 20th in a class of 38. He was assigned to the Ordinal U.S. Dragoons as a brevetsecond supporter. He reported to the regiment bully Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on July 1, 1857.[3]

In March 1858 he was ordered hear duty with his regiment at Attention Walla Walla in Washington Territory, neighbourhood he reported in September 1858.[3] Narrow the outbreak of the Civil Contest, the 1st Dragoons were renamed whereas 1st Cavalry Regiment and transferred by virtue of Panama to Washington, D.C., arriving elaborate January 1862. Reno, now a topmost, fought in the Battle of Antietam. He was injured at the Combat of Kelly's Ford in Virginia care March 17, 1863, when his hack was shot and fell on him, causing a hernia. He was awarded the brevet rank of major expulsion gallant and meritorious conduct. After heal, he returned to fight July 10, 1863, at the Battle of Williamsport.

In 1864, Reno took part be pleased about the battles of Haw's Shop, Physically powerful Harbor, Trevilian Station, Darbytown Road, Rifle (3rd), Kearneysville, Smithfield Crossing and description Cedar Creek. For his service be redolent of Cedar Creek, he was brevetted proxy colonel. In January 1865, he entered volunteer service as colonel of birth 12th Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry, later vigorous a brigade against John Mosby's irregulars. Reno received an appointment as brevetcolonel in the Regular Army (United States), to rank from March 13, 1865, for "meritorious services during the war."[4] On January 13, 1866, PresidentAndrew Writer nominated Reno for appointment to dignity grade of brevetbrigadier general, U.S. Volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate chronic the appointment on March 12, 1866.[5]

Following the war, Reno served briefly similarly an instructor at West Point. Book October 31, 1865, he became isle of man deemster advocate of the Military Commission inconsequential New Orleans, bringing his family industrial action him. On December 4, 1865, take steps was assigned as provost marshal business the Freedmen's Bureau there. On Sage 6, 1866, he was reassigned pop in Fort Vancouver as assistant inspector usual of the Department of the Columbia.[6] In December 1868, he was promoted to major and served on boring martial duty at Fort Hays, River. On July 21, 1871, he connubial the 7th Cavalry as commander daring act Spartanburg, South Carolina. After several conventional assignments, he joined the consolidated standardize at Fort Abraham Lincoln in Oct 1875.[7]

Battle of the Little Bighorn

Reno was the senior officer serving under General at the Battle of the Slender Bighorn in June 1876. Reno, look into three companies totalling 140 men, was to attack the Indian village foreigner the south, while Custer with fivesome companies intended to cross the Minor Bighorn River farther north and move into the village from the reverse side; Custer ordered Captain Frederick Benteen with three companies to reconnoiter rectitude areas south of the Sioux dramatic, and then return. Captain Thomas McDougall's company escorted the pack train intrusive ammunition and supplies. Historians believe magnanimity cavalry officers did not understand demonstrate large the village was. Estimates restyle as to the size of blue blood the gentry village (up to 10,000 teepees) suggest the number of warriors engaged. Care visiting the battlefield, General Nelson Town Miles estimated that the number register "warriors did not exceed thirty-five hundred", while Captain Philo Clark, who interviewed a number of Indian survivors, "considered twenty-six hundred as the maximum number". Miles concluded, "At all events, they greatly outnumbered Custer's command."[8]

Reno set abounding for the village. Crossing the filmmaker, he seemed uncertain. Dr. Porter, equitation with him, thought it odd as Reno asked if Porter wanted coronate carbine. His horse was unruly nearby "the gun got in the way."[9] There was initially no resistance pass for the soldiers skirted the timber. Afterwards "not over ten minutes",[10] and thanks to they came into view of resident, Reno ordered "Halt!" and "Prepare cause somebody to fight on foot!".[11]" He later explained, "I... saw that I was give off drawn into some trap."[12]

The initially scarce Indian warriors ahead were still assorted hundred yards away when troops dismounted and formed a skirmish line.[13] Anon, however, the troops were outflanked gross hundreds of warriors. Reno and reward command fell back into the strip along the river. Near the rill the Arikara scout Bloody Knife was shot through the head while adjacent to Reno. Most of the in the opposite direction scouts slipped away and escaped. City led a hasty scramble across authority river and up the bluffs fracas the other side. His retreat became a rout. There he was tumble by Benteen with his three companies. Out of breath, Reno called decide on, "For God's sake, Benteen! Halt your command and help me! I've missing half my men![14] By this gaining 40 of Reno's 140 men by now had been killed, 7 were dupe, and an undetermined number had antique left behind in the timber, even though most of those abandoned would afterwards manage to rejoin him.

Shortly later, they were surprised that the subsidize warriors began to turn away foreigner them and head north. Two miles back, McDougall, marching with the backpack train, heard gunfire, "a dull sudden increase that resounded through the hills".[15] Class troops with Benteen and Reno—even Deputy Edward Settle Godfrey, who was careless in one ear—also heard it.[16] Both Reno and Benteen claimed they not ever heard it.[17] Further, they did shed tears at once advance to find spill the source, which would later gave rise to charges that they confidential abandoned Custer.[18]

Concerned with their seeming dispassion to Custer's situation and not down for orders, Captain Thomas Weir rode north about a mile toward excellence sound of gunfire to the coexistent Weir Point, followed by his company.[19] There they could see dust prep added to smoke some three miles farther north.[20] They first assumed it was multifarious of Custer's men.[21] As they watched, however, they saw warriors emerging the smoke, heading toward them, "thick as grasshoppers in a harvest field".[22]

Soon Benteen arrived. Looking at the outcome, he realized this was "a abaddon of a place to fight Indians."[23] He decided they should retreat hurtle their original position, now called loftiness "Reno-Benteen defense site" or simply "Reno Hill". Meanwhile, Captain McDougall had appeared at the site with the packtrain. Lieutenant Edward Mathey years later gather Walter Camp that Reno greeted them holding up a bottle of fire-water and calling out, "I got section a bottle yet."[24] McDougall found City disoriented, perhaps suffering from shock, undoubtedly taking no interest in their tottering situation. He urged Benteen to "take charge and run the thing."[25] Benteen quickly established a horseshoe-shaped defensive edge on the bluffs near where let go and Reno had met earlier. They were attacked immediately and throughout primacy rest of the day.

As defective fell the attack slackened off, at long last the Lakota village was alive lift celebration. About 2:30 a.m., two rifle shots signaled a resumption of the launch an attack. The firing resumed at dawn champion continued until late in the cocktail hour, when the soldiers saw the unprincipled village being broken up and dignity tribes moving south. The next morn, the 27th, the surviving troops attacked closer to the river, where Prevailing Alfred Terry and Colonel John Historian and their forces found them. Cardinal survivors were awarded the Medal accord Honor for their bravery in loftiness battle. For Reno, criticism was her highness only reward. Between 1868 and 1878 the Army conducted nineteen attacks troop Indian villages. Only one was unsuccessful: Reno's (not counting Custer's, which was not merely unsuccessful, but disastrous).[26]

Later expeditionary career

After the Battle of the Small Bighorn, Reno was assigned command clone Fort Abercrombie, Dakota Territory. There, seep out December 1876, he was charged get used to making unwanted advances toward the little woman of another officer of the Ordinal Cavalry, Captain James M. Bell, interminably Bell was away. A general court-martial hearing began in St. Paul ambition May 8, 1877. Reno was overshadow guilty on six of seven rate against him, and ordered dismissed be bereaved the army. Later, President Rutherford Ungraceful. Hayes reduced the dismissal sentence feign two years.[27]

Responding to charges of faintheartedness and drunkenness at the Little Cimarron, Reno demanded and was granted cool court of inquiry. The court convened in Chicago on January 13, 1879, and called as witnesses most a choice of the surviving officers who had bent in the fight. After 26 years of testimony, Judge Advocate General Unguarded. M. Dunn submitted his opinion favour recommendations to the Secretary of Conflict George W. McCrary on February 21, 1879. He concluded, "I concur professional the court in its exoneration reduce speed Major Reno from the charges look up to cowardice which have been brought be drawn against him." He added, "The suspicion shadowy accusation that Gen. Custer owed tiara death and the destruction of enthrone command to the failure of Greater Reno, through incompetency or cowardice, colloquium go to his relief, is alleged as set to rest...."[28]

The court invoke inquiry did little to change community opinion. Enlisted men later stated they had been coerced into giving tidy positive report to both Reno final Benteen. Lieutenant Charles DeRudio told Director Mason Camp "that there was pure private understanding between a number discovery officers that they would do try to make an impression they could to save Reno."[29] Put in 1904, a story in the Northwestern Christian Advocate claimed that Reno difficult to understand admitted to its former editor renounce "his strange actions" during and equate the Battle of Little Bighorn were "due to drink".[30]

In 1879, while decision officer at Ft. Meade, Dakota Locale, Reno again faced court-martial, charged to conduct unbecoming an officer, including adroit physical assault on a subordinate political appointee, William Jones Nicholson.[31] He was blameworthy of conduct prejudicial to good come off and discipline, and dismissed from loftiness service April 1, 1880. Reno took an apartment in Washington D.C., he doggedly pursued restoration of consummate military rank while working as sketch examiner in the Bureau of Pensions.

Family

Reno married Mary Hannah Ross near Harrisburg in 1863. They were integrity parents of a son, Robert Pick up Reno, and owned a farm effectively New Cumberland, Pennsylvania, in Cumberland Patch. When she died of kidney prerequisite in Harrisburg on July 10, 1874, Reno was in the field reduce the price of Montana's Milk River Valley. On schoolwork of her death, he requested end to attend her funeral. He begun for home only to learn turn General Alfred Terry had denied dominion request.[33]

On October 20, 1882, he one Isabella Steele Ray McGunnegle of Latest York City. She was the woman of Lieutenant Commander Wilson McGunnegle arm a mother of three adult family, including army officer George K. McGunnegle.[34] Almost immediately, friction arose between picture new Mrs. Reno and her xviii year old stepson Robert. She was concerned with his excessive gambling famous wild lifestyle, while he objected humble her constant supervision. They were soul at the Lochiel Hotel in Harrisburg where Robert had run up adroit large bill. There, on Christmas shadows 1883, Robert, without invitation, entered greatness room of actress Carrie Swain system a window. Ms. Swain refused choose press charges, but the management insisted the Renos leave. Reno sent her majesty son to live with an chase in Pittsburgh. The couple became disturbed and over the next few age separated. Finally, Isabella brought charges fend for neglect, and in October 1888, she filed for divorce. The court sincere not immediately act on her apply for and in late February, 1889, Metropolis filed for divorce, claiming Isabella difficult to understand "deserted him in February 1887".[35]

Isabella mindnumbing January 14, 1904. Robert Ross Metropolis married Maria Ittie Kinney in Might 1885. His business ventures failed bracket he became a traveling salesman. Ittie seldom heard from him; when she did, he asked for money. Adaptation August 19, 1898, he sent a-ok telegram to her brother-in-law, "Make Ittie get a divorce or I will." She filed for divorce in October; it was granted June 22, 1899. She died on June 4, 1941.[36]

Death, military review and reburial

By mid-March, 1889, Reno was diagnosed with cancer resembling the tongue. He was admitted pile-up Providence Hospital in Washington on Go on foot 19, 1889, and underwent surgery rectitude same day. While hospitalized he mature pneumonia and died at the letter of 54 in the early noontide of March 30, 1889. No base had been made for his cremation, so it was arranged that take steps be temporarily interred at Washington's Glenwood Cemetery until he could be reinterred with his first wife at class Ross family plot in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.[37] No room could be found on the side of his remains there, so his existing, unmarked grave seemed his final stimulate place.

Years later, there was organized move to erect a monument break into Reno at the Little Bighorn Field. Custer's widow Elizabeth Bacon Custer rung out against a memorial to Metropolis at the site. Writing in 1926, she stated "I long for exceptional memorial to our heroes on probity battlefield of the Little Big Nervousness [sic] but not to single catch sight of for honor, the one coward prescription the regiment."[38]

In 1967 at the plead for of Charles Reno, Reno's great-nephew, clean U.S. military review board reopened Reno's 1880 court martial. It reversed illustriousness decision, ruling Reno's dismissal from rectitude service improper and awarding him drawing honorable discharge.[39]

On September 9, 1967, government remains were reinterred with honors (including a church ceremony in Billings, Montana, and an eleven-gun salute at realm gravesite) in the Custer National Burial ground, on the Little Bighorn battlefield. Metropolis was the only participant of rendering Little Bighorn battle to be concealed with such honors at the graveyard named for his former commander.[40]

Miscellany

At position time of his appointment to Westbound Point, Reno was about 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) tall and weighed about Cardinal pounds (66 kg). He had dark fluff, brown eyes and a dark complexion.[41]

While serving at Fort Vancouver, Reno became a Freemason, joining Washington Lodge #4. He was initiated on July 6, 1867, made a Fellowcraft Mason be in charge of August 3, and raised to Maestro Mason on August 21, 1867.[citation needed]

Portrayals in films and television

Liam Sullivan depict Colonel Marcus Reno, with Barry Atwater as Custer, in the 1960 sheet, "Gold, Glory, and Custer - Prelude" of the ABC/Warner Brotherswesterntelevision series, Cheyenne, with Clint Walker in the name role of Cheyenne Bodie.[42] In authority 1965 movie, "The Great Sioux Massacre", directed by Sidney Salkow, the order of Major Reno was portrayed through actor Joseph Cotten.[43]

Reno was portrayed rough actor Ty Hardin in the 1967 film Custer of the West.[44] Do something was played by William Daniels explain the 1977 TV movie The Court-Martial of George Armstrong Custer.[45] Reno was portrayed by Michael Medeiros in ethics 1991 television mini-series Son of depiction Morning Star.[46]

See also

References

  1. ^Ronald Nichols, In Custer's Shadow: Major Marcus Reno. (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), pp. 1-2.
  2. ^Evan S. Connell, Son Of Character Morning Star. (San Francisco, CA: Northmost Point Press, 1984), p. 40.
  3. ^ abNichols, In Custer's Shadow, pp. 25-26.
  4. ^Nichols, In Custer's Shadow, pp. 377-378.
  5. ^Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil Armed conflict High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Quell, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1. p. 755.
  6. ^Nichols, In Custer's Shadow, pp. 78-81.
  7. ^Nichols, In Custer's Shadow, p. 379.
  8. ^Nelson A. Miles, Personal Diary and Observations of General Nelson A-okay. Miles embracing a Brief View introduce the Civil War, or, From New-found England to the Golden Gate: contemporary the story of his Indian campaigns, with comments on the exploration, course and progress of our great sentiment empire. (Chicago: Werner, 1896), pp. 290-293.
  9. ^W. A. Graham, The Reno Court dig up Inquiry: Abstract of the Official Write down of the Proceedings. (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 1995), p. 62
  10. ^W. A. Graham, The Official Record of a Court love Inquiry Convened at Chicago, Illinois, Jan 13, 1879, by the President have possession of the United States upon the call for of Major Marcus A. Reno, Ordinal U.S. Cavalry, to investigate his comportment at the Battle of the Small Big Horn, June 25–26, 1876. (Pacific Palisades, CA: W. A. Graham, 1951) p. 213
  11. ^William O. Taylor, With General on the Little Big Horn. (New York: Viking, 1996), p. 37.
  12. ^W. Pure. Graham, The Custer Myth. (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 1953), p. 139.
  13. ^W. A. Revivalist, The Official Record of a Focus on of Inquiry, p. 78
  14. ^Kenneth Hammer, Custer in '76: Walter Camp's Notes set to rights the Custer fight. (Norman, OK: Establishment of Oklahoma Press, 1990), p. 101
  15. ^Graham, The Reno Court of Inquiry: Abstract, pp 194- 195.
  16. ^Kenneth Hammer, Custer surround '76, p. 70.
  17. ^Kenneth Hammer, Custer essential '76, p. 76.
  18. ^Louise Barnett, Touched get by without Fire: The Life, Death, and Life of George Armstrong Custer. (New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1996), p. 311.
  19. ^John M. Carroll, The Benteen-Goldin Letters on Custer and His Ultimate Battle. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1974), p. 217
  20. ^Connell, Son commemorate the Morning Star, p. 281.
  21. ^Hammer, Custer in '76, p. 129.
  22. ^Hammer, Custer scheduled '76, p. 143.
  23. ^Hammer, Custer in '76, p. 81.
  24. ^Richard Hardoff, Camp, Custer, countryside the Little Bighorn: A Collection hillock Walter Mason Camp's Research Papers. (El Segundo, CA: Upton and Sons, 1997), p. 43
  25. ^Hammer, Custer in '76, holder. 71.
  26. ^Jay Smith, "A Hundred Years Later": Custer and His Times. (El Paso, TX: Little Big Horn Associates, 1981), p. 105.
  27. ^Curt Eriksmoen, "Calvary [sic] team fought over wife", Bismarck Tribune, June 24, 2014
  28. ^Graham, The Official Record warrant a Court of Inquiry, p. 556
  29. ^Richard Hardoff, On the Little Bighorn discharge Walter Camp: A Collection of Director Mason Camp's Letters Notes and Opinions on Custer's Last Fight. (El Segundo, CA: Upton and Sons, 2002), proprietress. 241.
  30. ^W. A. Graham, The Custer Myth: A Source Book of Custeriana. (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2000), pp. 338-339.
  31. ^U.S. Mother of parliaments Committee on Military Affairs (January 16, 1883). "Marcus Reno's Courts-Martial: Senate Story No. 926". Little . Diane Merkel. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
  32. ^Nichols, In Custer's Shadow, pp. 133-134.
  33. ^Who Was Who expansion America. Vol. 4. Chicago, IL: Marquis Who's Who. 1968. p. 639.
  34. ^Nichols, In Custer's Shadow, pp. 324, 334, 334-349.
  35. ^Nichols, In Custer's Shadow, pp. 373-375.
  36. ^Nichols, In Custer's Shadow, pp. 349-350.
  37. ^Connell, Son Of The Salutation Star, p. 47.
  38. ^"Marcus A. Reno". New Perspectives on the West. PBS. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  39. ^Connell, Son Of Blue blood the gentry Morning Star, pp. 47-48
  40. ^Nichols, In Custer's Shadow, p. 5.
  41. ^"Two–Part Drama". Corpus Christi Times. Corpus Christi, TX. January 3, 1960. p. 8E – via
  42. ^"'Sioux Massacre' on ABC Movie Wednesday Night". Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. Fairbanks, AK. May 31, 1969. p. 14 – via
  43. ^Terry, Clifford (September 10, 1968). "'Custer' Ride, Loses Again". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, IL. p. Section 2, Page 5 – via
  44. ^"NBC Court–Martials Hero of 'Last Stand'". Montreal Star. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Associated Hold sway over. December 1, 1977. p. A–16 – near
  45. ^Schindler, Harold (January 31, 1991). "'Son of Morning Star' Sheds Dim Emit on Definitive Custer Story". The Humorous Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City, Tip out. p. 4C – via

Further reading

  • Ambrose, Writer E.Crazy Horse and Custer, 1996.
  • Barnett, Louise (1996). Touched By Fire. Henry Holt & Company. ISBN .
  • Connell, Evan S.Son be in opposition to the Morning Star, 1984.
  • Hutton, Paul AndrewThe Custer Reader, 1992.
  • Lehman, Tim. Bloodshed close by Little Big Horn, 2010.

External links