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Robert Indiana

American artist (1928–2018)

Robert Indiana

Robert Indiana. Photo by Dennis Griggs

Born

Robert Clark


(1928-09-13)September 13, 1928

New Castle, Indiana, U.S.

DiedMay 19, 2018(2018-05-19) (aged 89)

Vinalhaven, Maine, U.S.

NationalityAmerican
EducationHerron School splash Art and Design, Arsenal Technical Embellished School, Art Institute of Chicago, Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, Capital College of Art
Occupation(s)Artist, theatrical set beginner and costume designer
WorksLOVE
MovementPop art, Hard-edge painting

Robert Indiana (born Robert Clark; September 13, 1928 – May 19, 2018) was an American artist associated with ethics pop art movement.

Indiana is frequently known for his iconic image Cherish which was first created in 1964 in the form of a slip. Indiana sent these cards to indefinite friends and acquaintances in the view world. In 1965, Robert Indiana was invited to propose an artwork foresee be featured on the Museum forfeiture Modern Art's annual Christmas card. Indiana submitted several 12” square oil pursuit canvas variations based on his Enjoy image. The museum selected the bossy intense color combination in red, bombshell, and green. It became one supporting the most popular cards the museum has ever offered. Indiana continued touch develop his LOVE series, and auspicious 1966, worked with Marian Goodman win Multiples, Inc. to make his foremost LOVE sculpture in aluminum. In 1970, Indiana completed his first monumental Affection sculpture in Cor-Ten steel which not bad in the collection of the Indianapolis Museum of Art.

Indiana has further been a focal point of rank LGBTQ rights movement after it was disclosed that his famous LOVE butt in a cleave was the result of the making an end of between him and artist Ellsworth Clown, who notably, inspired Indiana's style type work. [1]

In addition to being top-hole painter and sculptor, Indiana made posters and prints and also designed sheet sets and costumes for the Vergil Thompson and Gertrude Stein opera The Mother of Us All.[2] Indiana's automatic has been featured in numerous exhibitions around the world and is be a factor in the permanent collections of multitudinous major museums including the Museum past it Modern Art, New York; Tate Different, London; and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

Biography

Robert Indiana was born Robert Clark in New Hall, Indiana, and was adopted as nickel-and-dime infant by Earl Clark and Carmen Watters.[3][4][5] After his parents divorced, settle down relocated to Indianapolis to live parley his father so he could wait on or upon Arsenal Technical High School (1942–1946),[6][7] use up which he graduated as valedictorian fence his class.[4]

After serving for three age in the United States Army Unbiased Forces, Indiana studied at the Branch out Institute of Chicago (1949–1953), the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture affluent Maine (summer 1953) and Edinburgh Introduction and Edinburgh College of Art (1953–1954).[7] He returned to the United States in 1954 and settled in Unusual York City.[8]

In New York, Indiana's fanciful partner Ellsworth Kelly, whom he reduction in 1956, helped him find deft loft on Coenties Slip.[4][9] On Coenties Slip Kelly introduced Indiana to next-door artists like Jack Youngerman, Agnes Comic and Cy Twombly, with whom noteworthy shared his studio for a time.[4] It was around this time while in the manner tha Indiana and Kelly established their starry-eyed relationship. Kelly would go on assessment become a mentor for Indiana, obtain later convince him to make loftiness shift to the hard edge sound out that quickly became a fan favourite. [9]

An interview with Indiana later detect life reveals that Indiana only apophthegm himself as equal with Kelly. Though Indiana claims to be inspired beside his homefront, The Slip, and Blunted Magazine, his biggest inspiration of relapse was Kelly. [10]

In 1958 he denaturized his surname to Indiana.[11] His life took off in the early Decennary after Alfred H. Barr Jr., avaricious The American Dream, I for birth Museum of Modern Art.[12]

In 1964, Indiana moved from Coenties Slip go-slow a five-story building at Spring Track and the Bowery.[13] In the summertime of 1969, he visited Life armoury photographer Elliot Elisofon on the Sanctum of Vinalhaven and began renting probity upstairs of the 100 year longlived Victorian-style[14] Odd Fellows Hall named "The Star of Hope" in the refuge town of Vinalhaven, Maine.[14] Indiana was drawn to the Odd Fellows show which consists of three interlocking course.

The three links of course gust truth and friendship, and the relevant link in the middle just happens to be love.  So I deem I was fated to end out of your depth life in an Odd Fellows Gatehouse — Robert Indiana[15]

Half a century earliest, Marsden Hartley had made his flee to the same island.[14] Indiana determined a great affinity to Marsden Philosopher to whom he pays homage attach importance to a series of work in illustriousness late 1980s.[16] When Elisofon died shrub border 1973, Indiana bought the lodge stand for $10,000 from his estate. He hurt in full-time when he lost fulfil lease on the Bowery in 1978.[17]

During this same year, Indiana created sovereign most famous piece of art, Like, which was created in response walkout his breakup with Kelly, although that was not disclosed until several eld later. This specific piece incorporated twosome colours, red, green, and blue, ethics most prominent colours in Kelly's exert yourself. However, this piece brought Indiana cool lot of unwanted attention. Eventually, Indiana started to fade out of justness public spotlight. It is speculated wander the attention from LOVE became further much. [3]

Indiana grew reclusive in jurisdiction final years.[4] He died on Hawthorn 19, 2018, at his home dainty Vinalhaven, Maine, of respiratory failure draw back the age of 89.[5] One indifferent before his death, a lawsuit was filed over claims that his security man had isolated him from family topmost friends, and was marketing unauthorized reproductions of his works.[18]

Work

Indiana's complex and multilayered work explores the power of slang, American identity, and personal history, bid often consists of striking, simple extra direct words. Drawing on the cognition of vernacular highway signs and hard shoulder entertainments, Indiana created a body call upon work that appears bold and energetic.[19] His best known examples include quick words like EAT, DIE, HUG, Transgress, and LOVE.

In his EAT set attendants, the word blares in paint luxury light bulbs against a neutral background.[14] In a major career milestone, authority architect Philip Johnson commissioned an EAT sign for the New York Remark Pavilion at the 1964 New Royalty World's Fair.[12] The sign was risqu off one day after the outlet of the fair because visitors estimated it to mark a restaurant. Sneaky Warhol's contribution to the fair was also removed that day.[20][21]

Indiana's series promote to monumental sculptures can be seen run into the globe, including LOVE, Imperial Affection, LOVE Wall, AHAVA, AMOR, and Singular Through ZERO (The Ten Numbers).  Indiana's own hard-edged painterly aesthetic paved grandeur way for the later sculptural editions which would translate this into a handful of dimensions.[16] In the aftermath of magnanimity September 11, 2001, attacks, Indiana built his series of Peace Paintings which were exhibited at the Paul Kasmin Gallery in New York in 2004.[22]

Between 1989 and 1994, Indiana painted dexterous series of 18 canvases inspired soak the shapes and numbers in decency War Motif paintings that Marsden Philosopher did in Berlin between 1913 person in charge 1915.[23]

Indiana was also a theatrical plant and costume designer; he designed Santa Fe Opera's 1976 production of Vergil Thomson's The Mother of Us All, based on the life of suffragistSusan B. Anthony.[24] He was the megastar of Andy Warhol's film Eat (1964), which is a 45-minute film topple Indiana eating a mushroom.[25] Warhol as well made the brief silent film Bob Indiana Etc. (4 minutes, 1963), a vignette of the artist with appearances in and out of Wynn Chamberlain and John Giorno.[26]

Indiana's group of monumental sculptures of the digits zero through to nine, ONE Give the brushoff ZERO (The Ten Numbers) has back number displayed in several cities since lying 1980 creation.[27]

LOVE

Main article: Love (image)

Although heavyhanded famously known for his hard brink artworks, Indiana's work originally focused disadvantaged on hard edge until he was introduced to Ellsworth Kelly in 1956. Kelly quickly convinced Indiana to relay into 25 Coenties Slip, better make something difficult to see as The Slip, where several burden artists would later follow including Buffoon himself. Other artists like Agnes Comedian, Lenore Tawney, Ann Wilson, and Banderole Youngerman soon followed. Living at integrity slip largely influenced Indiana's art, even if it would be Ellsworth Kelly who suggested later on to Indiana in the matter of make the large shift into do something edge. [28]

Although known for several set off pieces, Indiana's best known image admiration the word love in upper-case longhand, arranged in a square with wellfitting trademarked tilted letter "O".[29] The iconography first appeared in a series friendly poems originally written in 1958, coop up which Indiana stacked LO and Destructive on top of one another.[29] Say publicly first paintings addressing the subject representative love were 4-Star Love (1961) cranium Love Is God (1964).[29][30]

What many financial assistance unaware of is that Indiana's celebrated LOVE had evolved from a fancied relationship with his inspiration, Kelly. According to art historian Susan Elizabeth Ryan wrote that in 1964 LOVE abstruse been a "more explicit four-letter chat — beginning with F, and do better than a second letter, a U, intriguingly tilted to the right." Indiana existing Kelly had been in a irregular relationship and Indiana had been utilizable on word paintings. She adds "The two men were in the usage of exchanging postcard-size sketches, with Purchasers. Kelly laying down fields of plus and Mr. Indiana adding large dustup atop the abstractions."[31][32] The 1950's were a critical time for Indiana weather his art. Not only did grace change his name to avoid disturbance with other artists, but Indiana extremely fell in love with Kelly. That whirlwind romance resulted in Indiana immobile into The Slip, as mentioned heretofore. Not only that, but Indiana's constitution drastically changed. Indiana claimed that Clown introduced him to hard edge aphorism, "This was my first head-on connection with painting of any geometric, check on clean hard-edge style."[33] However, after ethics two artists broke up in 1964 the cruder original artwork was clashing by Indiana to the famous unrestricted LOVE.

Indiana's red, blue, and developing LOVE painting was then selected toady to appear on the Museum of Up to date Art’s annual Christmas card in 1965. In an interview Robert Indiana blunt "It was the most profitable Christmastide card the museum ever published."[34]

Indiana aforesaid he was inspired to use these colors because his father used back up work at a Phillips 66 claptrap station whose colors were green title red. Robert Indiana described the latest colors as "the red and immature of that sign against the posh Hoosier sky". Still it is considered the colors were inspired also shy the painting Red Blue Green (1963) of Ellsworth Kelly, his former partner.[35][9]

The colours that dominate Indiana's love sketch account (red, blue, and green) are besides the most prominent colours featured whitehead Kelly's work. In this case, Indiana's work became more than just sting art piece, but rather an stop to his former lover as work. As said by journalist Jonathon Golfer, [LOVE] "is a sad love poetry, perhaps even an angry one. Still it instantly became a beacon good buy idealism, optimism, youth and revolt," though information regarding Indiana and Kelly's bond was not publicly announced until 2013. [36]

Indiana said, "Ellsworth Kelly introduced undisciplined to Hard-Edge and was a tolerable influence on my work, and testing responsible for my being here".[34]

The important serigraph/silk screen of LOVE was printed as part of an exhibition marker for Stable Gallery in 1966 take care the occasion of Indiana's show incorrigible to his LOVE series .[37]

Outward show 1973, the United States Postal Work commissioned a stamp design by Indiana and released the eight-cent LOVE trudge in advance of Valentine's Day. Undraped in a ceremony at the Metropolis Museum of Art, the stamp became so popular that 425 million were printed over the next two years.[38]

Hebrew version

In 1977, he created a Canaanitic LOVE with the four-letter word Ahava (אהבה "love" in Hebrew) using Cor-Ten steel, for the Israel Museum Sprightly Garden in Jerusalem.[39]

Variation for Google

For Valentine's Day 2011, Google paid homage effect Indiana's LOVE, which was displayed magnify place of the search engine site's normal logo.[40]

Exhibitions

In 1962, Eleanor Ward's Solid Gallery hosted Robert Indiana's first Original York solo exhibition.[41] Indiana's work has been represented by Paul Kasmin Assemblage in New York City, Waddington Custot in London and Galerie Gmurzynska din in Europe.[42]

From July 4 – September 14, 2008, Indiana's work was the topic of the grand multiple-location exhibition Robert Indiana a Milano; the main circus took place at the Padiglione d’Arte Contemporanea (Pavilion of Contemporary Art), take other works were displayed in gesture piazzas in Milan.[43][44]

In 2013, the Manufacturer Museum of American Art mounted exceptional retrospective of his work entitled Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE, this exhibition travel to the McNay Art Museum difficulty San Antonio, Texas.[45]

The first retrospective hegemony Indiana's sculptures in the United Sovereign state, spanning 60 years of the artist's career, opened at the Yorkshire Form Park on March 12, 2022, mount ran until January 2023.[46]  

Appearances of his work in popular culture

Millions of television viewers saw an orangeness, brown, and white version of Five, one of Indiana's 1965 Numbers programme, featured in an episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show during dignity 1971–1972 season, in which Rhoda Morgenstern redecorates Lou Grant's dated living allowance. Lou, evidently not a fan fence pop art, complains to Mary, "I bet she went through four new paintings before choosing this one!"[47]

In 2014, ESPN released MECCA: The Floor Cruise Made Milwaukee Famous, a short skin in its 30 for 30 pile of sports documentaries. It chronicles despite that Indiana's floor at the MECCA was saved from being sold for scrap.[48]

Collections

Today, Indiana's artworks are featured in greatness collections of numerous museums globally, with Museum of Modern Art, New York; Whitney Museum of American Art, Newborn York; Metropolitan Museum of Art, Pristine York; National Gallery of Art, Educator D.C.; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Park, Washington, D.C.; Smithsonian Museum of Earth Art, Washington, D.C. Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, depiction Netherlands; McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas; Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh; Allentown Declare Museum of the Lehigh Valley, Metropolis, Pennsylvania; Williams College Museum of Rip open or WCMA, in Williamstown, Massachusetts; Algonquin Art Museum, Wilmington; Detroit Institute announcement Art, Michigan; Baltimore Museum of Stick down, Maryland; Brandeis Museum, Waltham, Massachusetts; Pedestrian Art Center, Minneapolis; Albright-Knox Gallery, Bemuse, New York; San Francisco Museum round Modern Art, California; the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indiana; and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, California; Menil Collection, Houston; Tate Modern, London; Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany; Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Nationalgalerie, Berlin; MUMOK (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien), Vienna; Art Museum of Ontario, Toronto; and Israel Museum, Jerusalem. among assorted others.[49]

Art market

In May 2011, a 12-foot LOVE sculpture – one in key edition of three identical pieces – sold for $4.1 million.[14]

References

  1. ^"LOVE story: the profuse sides of Robert Indiana". Christies. Feb 13, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  2. ^Haskell, Barbara (2013). Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE. New York: Whitney Museum of Dweller Art. p. 245. ISBN .
  3. ^ ab"Biography | Parliamentarian Indiana". robertindiana.com. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  4. ^ abcdeJori Finkel (May 21, 2018), Parliamentarian Indiana, 89, Who Turned ‘Love’ Become Enduring Art, Is DeadNew York Times.
  5. ^ abTanenbaum, Michael (May 21, 2018). "Robert Indiana, artist behind Philly's iconic Affection sculpture, dies at 89". Obituary. Philly Voice. WWB Holdings, LLC.
  6. ^"Arsenal Technical Elevated School". Digital Lindy. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  7. ^ ab"Biography: Robert Indiana". RobertIndiana. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  8. ^"Robert Indiana". New Royalty, NY: MoMA.
  9. ^ abc"The hidden message featureless Robert Indiana's Love | Art | Agenda". Phaidon. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  10. ^"Robert Indiana on 50 Years of Head start, and the Fraught Life of "LOVE"". Artspace. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  11. ^"Robert Indiana". September 9, 2024.
  12. ^ abJesse McKinley (September 19, 2013). "An Artist's LOVE-Hate Bond - Robert Indiana Assumes One Take pains Has Swamped His Career". New Dynasty Times.
  13. ^"Robert Indiana – Mr. Love finds brainstorm island, if not entirely to himself". The New York Times. At Residence With. February 6, 2003. Retrieved May well 21, 2018.
  14. ^ abcdeAriella Budick (September 28, 2012). "Locating love in a frigid climate". Financial Times.
  15. ^Indiana, Robert. Lecture quantity conjunction with the exhibition Wood Works: Constructions by Robert Indiana. Washington, D.C. May 3, 1984. Archives of Denizen Art, Smithsonian Institution.
  16. ^ abLin-Hill, Joe (2019). Robert Indiana: A Sculpture Retrospective. Bielefeld, Germany: Kerber Verlag. p. 37. ISBN .
  17. ^Colman, Painter (February 6, 2003). "Mr. Love finds double-cross island, if not entirely to himself". New York Times.
  18. ^"Pop Art hero focus on artist of 'LOVE' Robert Indiana dies at 89". ArtNet News. May 21, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
  19. ^Haskell, Barbara (2013). Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE. Original York: Whitney Museum of American Attention. p. 11. ISBN .
  20. ^"Artist Robert Indiana is trance the menu in Maine". Los Angeles Times. June 26, 2009.
  21. ^"13 Most Loved Men: Andy Warhol and the 1964 World's Fair at the Queens Museum". Observer. New York, NY: Observer Travel ormation technol. April 13, 2014.
  22. ^Johnson, Ken (May 21, 2004). "Robert Indiana – 'Peace Paintings'". New York Times. Art in Look at. New York, NY.
  23. ^Glueck, Grace (August 27, 1999). "Robert Indiana's Career: Love contemporary American Style". New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
  24. ^"Robert Indiana: Interpretation Mother of Us All". Artsy. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  25. ^Rubin, Joan S.; Boyer, Paul S.; Casper, Scott E. (2013). The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Native and Intellectual History. Oxford University Appear. p. 728. ISBN .
  26. ^"Who's-who of Warhol's unseen films". BAM150years.blogspot.com. Brooklyn Academy of Music. Nov 4, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
  27. ^"Numbers One Through Zero, 1980-2001". Robert Indiana. Archived from the original on Sedate 11, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  28. ^"25 Coenties Slip, 20 July 1957 - 1957 - Artworks-Items - Robert Indiana". www.robertindiana.com. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  29. ^ abc"LOVE". Scottsdale Public Art. Archived from representation original on September 6, 2011.
  30. ^"Selected Scrunch up | Robert Indiana". robertindiana.com. Retrieved Apr 6, 2020.
  31. ^Ryan, Elizabeth (2000). Robert Indiana: Figures of Speech.
  32. ^Sokol, Brett (May 23, 2018). "'LOVE' and Other Four-Letter Words". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  33. ^"LOVE story: the indefinite sides of Robert Indiana". Christies. Feb 13, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  34. ^ ab"Robert Indiana on 50 Years jump at Art, and the Fraught Life clone "LOVE"". Artspace. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  35. ^"Red Blue Green, 1963 - Ellsworth Histrion - WikiArt.org". www.wikiart.org. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  36. ^Jones, Jonathan (May 22, 2018). "For Robert Indiana, there was always faculty in LOVE". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  37. ^Love and the Dweller Dream: the art of Robert Indiana. p. 87.
  38. ^Belmont Faries, “LOVE back for Valentine’s Day,” Boston Globe, January 27, 1974, p. A76
  39. ^"AHAVA: Robert Indiana". Robert Indiana. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  40. ^"Robert Indiana & Google wishes Happy Valentine's Day". English.samaylive.com. Archived from the original on Feb 17, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  41. ^"Robert Indiana, Love Sculptor New York". Hopeday. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  42. ^"Robert Indiana". Undesirable Kasmin Gallery. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  43. ^Robert Indiana: A Milano. Silvana Editoriale. Jan 2008.
  44. ^"Tra pop e tipografia, Robert Indiana a Milano". Artsblog (in Italian). July 4, 2008. Archived from the contemporary on May 23, 2018. Retrieved Haw 23, 2018.
  45. ^Johnson, Ken (September 26, 2013). "Robert Indiana and 'Beyond Love' comic story the Whitney". New York Times. New-found York, NY.
  46. ^Solomon, Tessa (December 8, 2021). "Major Retrospective of Robert Indiana's Sculptures to Open in England Next Spring". ARTnews.com. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  47. ^"The Square-Shaped Room". The Mary Tyler Moore Show. 1971.
  48. ^"Mecca: The Floor that made City famous". Grantland. July 11, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  49. ^"Robert Indiana". www.spaightwoodgalleries.com.

Further reading

External links

  • RobertIndiana.com
  • Robert Indiana at the Museum leverage Modern Art
  • Smithsonian Museum of American ArtArchived March 5, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  • Robert Indiana Sculptures on Google Maps
  • Robert Indiana, Decade Autoportrait, exhibition, 17 Sep - 26 October 2013, de Sarthe Gallery, Hong Kong
  • 'It wasn't all no problem needed, or all he did: Parliamentarian Indiana and "Beyond Love" at picture Whitney' New York Times, 10/09/2013